Maine’s public sector workforce encompasses people employed by state authorities companies, together with departments like training, transportation, and well being and human companies. The scale of this workforce displays the state’s dedication to offering public companies. Moreover, knowledge on employment inside particular sectors, reminiscent of training or healthcare, can present worthwhile insights into the state’s financial panorama. For instance, numerous staff within the training sector suggests a considerable funding in human capital improvement.
Understanding the dimensions and distribution of Maine’s public sector workforce is important for policymakers, economists, and researchers. These figures can inform choices relating to funds allocation, useful resource administration, and financial improvement methods. Historic developments in public sector employment may also reveal shifts in authorities priorities and the evolving wants of Maine’s residents. Moreover, analyzing workforce knowledge alongside different financial indicators, reminiscent of unemployment charges and personal sector development, gives a complete view of the state’s general financial well being.
Additional exploration may embrace analyzing developments in public sector employment, evaluating Maine’s workforce knowledge to different states, or inspecting the influence of particular insurance policies on public sector jobs. An in depth examination of those matters will present a deeper understanding of the dynamics and implications of public sector employment in Maine.
1. Whole Workforce Dimension
The full workforce measurement is a vital metric for understanding the scope of public sector employment inside Maine. This determine represents the mixture variety of people employed by the state authorities throughout all companies and departments. Analyzing workforce measurement supplies worthwhile context for assessing useful resource allocation, funds priorities, and the general influence of public sector employment on the state’s economic system.
-
Full-Time Equal (FTE) Workers
FTE represents the variety of full-time positions, whatever the variety of people filling them. For instance, two part-time staff working half-time every would represent one FTE. This metric permits for constant comparisons throughout time and between totally different companies, no matter variations in part-time employment. Understanding FTE inside the context of Maine’s whole workforce measurement supplies a standardized measure of employment ranges.
-
Company-Particular Employment
Analyzing employment figures for particular person companies, such because the Division of Schooling or the Division of Well being and Human Companies, reveals useful resource allocation patterns and potential areas of development or decline. As an illustration, a considerable improve in training sector employment may point out a deal with human capital improvement. These agency-specific figures contribute to a nuanced understanding of the general workforce measurement and its distribution.
-
Seasonal Variations
Sure state authorities capabilities, reminiscent of park upkeep or tourism-related companies, may expertise seasonal fluctuations in employment. Accounting for these variations supplies a extra correct illustration of the standard workforce measurement and prevents misinterpretations of knowledge influenced by momentary will increase or decreases. Understanding seasonal developments helps in projecting future workforce wants and optimizing useful resource allocation.
-
Impression of Financial Situations
Financial downturns or intervals of development can considerably affect the dimensions of Maine’s public sector workforce. Price range cuts throughout financial hardship may result in reductions in power, whereas intervals of prosperity may permit for growth. Analyzing the correlation between financial situations and workforce measurement supplies insights into the state’s fiscal insurance policies and their influence on public sector employment.
By inspecting these sides of whole workforce measurement, a extra complete understanding of public sector employment in Maine emerges. This evaluation can inform coverage choices, funds allocations, and strategic planning associated to workforce administration and financial improvement inside the state.
2. Company-Particular Employment
Analyzing agency-specific employment figures gives essential insights into the distribution and allocation of Maine’s public sector workforce. Understanding the variety of staff inside particular person state companies supplies a granular perspective on useful resource allocation, service supply priorities, and potential areas of development or contraction inside the general workforce. This detailed evaluation enhances broader examinations of the whole variety of state staff, providing a extra nuanced understanding of workforce dynamics.
-
Departmental Variations in Workforce Dimension
Vital variations exist in workforce measurement throughout totally different state companies. The Division of Well being and Human Companies, for instance, usually employs a bigger workforce in comparison with smaller companies just like the Division of Agriculture, Conservation, and Forestry. These variations mirror the scope of companies offered by every company and the corresponding useful resource necessities. Analyzing these variations clarifies the distribution of the state’s public sector workforce.
-
Impression of Budgetary Selections
Company-specific employment ranges are straight influenced by budgetary allocations. Elevated funding for a particular company, such because the Division of Schooling, may result in elevated hiring and growth of companies. Conversely, funds cuts may lead to decreased staffing ranges and potential service reductions. Analyzing agency-specific employment developments in relation to funds choices illuminates the influence of fiscal coverage on the state workforce.
-
Shifting Priorities and Workforce Changes
Modifications in authorities priorities can result in shifts in workforce allocation throughout companies. As an illustration, an elevated deal with environmental safety may lead to elevated hiring inside the Division of Environmental Safety, probably drawing assets from different companies. Analyzing these shifts supplies insights into evolving coverage priorities and their influence on workforce distribution.
-
Regional Distribution of Employment
Whereas not strictly agency-specific, the geographic distribution of company staff inside Maine is a crucial consideration. Sure companies might need a better presence in particular areas because of the nature of their companies. Understanding this regional distribution supplies a extra full image of the state’s workforce and its influence on native economies.
By inspecting agency-specific employment knowledge, policymakers and analysts acquire a deeper understanding of how Maine’s public sector workforce is structured and deployed. This granular perspective contributes to a extra knowledgeable evaluation of the state’s general employment figures and permits for extra focused interventions associated to workforce administration, useful resource allocation, and financial improvement. Moreover, analyzing agency-specific developments along side broader financial indicators gives a complete view of the interaction between public sector employment and the state’s general financial well being.
3. Full-time vs. Half-time
The excellence between full-time and part-time employment inside Maine’s public sector workforce considerably impacts analyses of general employment figures. Understanding this distinction permits for a extra correct evaluation of workforce measurement, useful resource allocation, and the financial implications of public sector employment. Merely contemplating the whole variety of staff with out accounting for full-time versus part-time standing can result in misinterpretations of workforce developments and useful resource wants.
Full-time staff symbolize a bigger dedication of assets, together with advantages and wage expenditures. Half-time staff, whereas contributing worthwhile companies, usually symbolize a decrease price to the state. Analyzing the ratio of full-time to part-time staff inside particular companies and throughout all the state supplies worthwhile insights into workforce construction and price administration methods. As an illustration, a excessive proportion of part-time staff may counsel a technique to manage prices and keep flexibility, whereas a predominantly full-time workforce could point out a deal with stability and worker retention. This distinction additional influences calculations of Full-Time Equal (FTE) staff, an important metric for standardized comparisons and development evaluation. Two half-time staff, for instance, symbolize one FTE.
Moreover, inspecting developments in full-time versus part-time employment can reveal shifts in workforce administration practices inside the public sector. A rise in part-time employment may mirror budgetary constraints or a transfer in the direction of better workforce flexibility. Conversely, a development in full-time positions may point out an emphasis on worker funding and long-term workforce improvement. Understanding these dynamics gives essential context for decoding general employment figures and predicting future workforce wants. This evaluation is important for knowledgeable decision-making relating to useful resource allocation, funds planning, and strategic workforce administration inside Maine’s public sector.
4. Seasonal Fluctuations
Seasonal fluctuations considerably affect the variety of staff inside Maine’s public sector. Sure state companies expertise predictable will increase or decreases in staffing wants primarily based on seasonal differences in demand for companies. Understanding these fluctuations is essential for correct workforce planning, funds allocation, and repair supply. Analyzing these patterns supplies insights into the dynamic nature of public sector employment and its responsiveness to seasonal calls for.
-
Tourism and Parks
Maine’s tourism business experiences peak exercise throughout the summer time months, resulting in elevated staffing wants inside companies just like the Division of Parks and Recreation and the Bureau of Parks and Lands. These companies usually rent seasonal staff to handle parks, campgrounds, and leisure amenities, addressing the surge in customer exercise. This seasonal improve considerably impacts general public sector employment figures throughout the summer time months.
-
Agriculture and Conservation
The Division of Agriculture, Conservation, and Forestry experiences seasonal differences in workforce calls for associated to agricultural actions and forest administration. Particular packages, reminiscent of forest fireplace prevention and response, require elevated staffing throughout drier and hotter months. Equally, agricultural inspections and help companies may see elevated exercise throughout harvest seasons. These seasonal changes contribute to fluctuations within the general variety of state staff.
-
Snow Removing and Highway Upkeep
Maine’s Division of Transportation experiences elevated staffing wants throughout winter months for snow removing and highway upkeep actions. Seasonal employees are sometimes employed to function snowplows, handle highway salt provides, and guarantee secure journey situations throughout winter storms. This seasonal demand straight impacts general public sector employment figures and useful resource allocation inside the Division of Transportation.
-
Impression on Price range and Useful resource Allocation
Seasonal fluctuations necessitate cautious funds planning and useful resource allocation inside affected companies. Funding should be allotted to accommodate seasonal hiring, coaching, and tools wants. Correct forecasting of seasonal calls for is important for efficient funds administration and environment friendly service supply. Understanding these patterns allows companies to anticipate and reply to fluctuating workforce necessities.
Analyzing seasonal fluctuations inside Maine’s public sector workforce supplies worthwhile insights for workforce planning and funds administration. Recognizing these patterns allows state companies to optimize useful resource allocation, guarantee environment friendly service supply, and precisely interpret general employment figures inside the context of seasonal differences. This understanding contributes to a extra nuanced and complete evaluation of public sector employment developments in Maine.
5. Contractual Workers
Contractual staff symbolize a major factor of Maine’s public sector workforce, impacting general employment figures and workforce dynamics. In contrast to everlasting state staff, contractual employees are engaged for particular tasks or timeframes, usually offering specialised expertise or filling momentary wants. Analyzing the utilization of contractual staff gives insights into workforce flexibility, price administration methods, and the evolving nature of public service supply.
A number of elements drive the utilization of contractual staff inside Maine’s state authorities. Specialised experience required for particular tasks, reminiscent of data expertise system implementations or engineering consultations, usually necessitates partaking contractors with particular ability units. Moreover, contractual preparations provide flexibility in responding to fluctuating workloads or short-term mission calls for, avoiding the long-term commitments related to everlasting positions. Price issues additionally play a job, as contractual preparations can provide price financial savings in sure conditions by avoiding the long-term prices related to advantages and pensions. This method permits state companies to entry specialised experience or handle momentary will increase in workload with out considerably increasing the everlasting workforce.
Understanding the position of contractual staff inside Maine’s public sector workforce supplies essential context for decoding general employment figures. Whereas contributing to the whole variety of people working for the state, contractual staff differ considerably from everlasting workers when it comes to employment length, advantages, and integration inside the state’s personnel system. Analyzing developments within the utilization of contractual staff, alongside knowledge on everlasting state staff, gives a complete image of workforce composition and its evolution over time. This evaluation can reveal shifts in workforce administration methods, the rising reliance on specialised experience, and the evolving relationship between authorities companies and the personal sector in delivering public companies. Recognizing the distinct contribution of contractual staff to the general workforce is important for correct interpretations of employment developments and knowledgeable coverage choices associated to workforce administration and useful resource allocation.
6. Impression of Price range Modifications
Budgetary choices made by the Maine Legislature straight influence the dimensions and composition of the state’s public sector workforce. Fluctuations in funding ranges for state companies translate into tangible penalties for the variety of staff, impacting service supply and the general financial panorama. Reductions in state funding usually necessitate workforce reductions, together with hiring freezes, layoffs, and attrition by way of unfilled vacancies. Conversely, funds will increase can facilitate expansions in public companies, usually resulting in elevated hiring and a bigger public sector workforce. The connection between funds adjustments and public sector employment demonstrates the direct hyperlink between fiscal coverage and workforce dynamics inside Maine’s state authorities.
The influence of funds adjustments extends past merely rising or reducing the whole variety of staff. Shifts in funding priorities between companies can result in inside reallocations of workers and assets. For instance, a budgetary emphasis on training may result in elevated hiring inside the Division of Schooling, probably offset by decreased staffing ranges in different departments. Moreover, funds adjustments can affect the steadiness between full-time and part-time staff. Price-saving measures may contain elevated reliance on part-time workers, decreasing expenditures on advantages and salaries, however probably impacting service continuity and worker stability. Actual-world examples, such because the state’s response to the 2008 financial downturn, illustrate the tangible influence of funds cuts on public sector employment, usually leading to important workforce reductions and repair changes.
Understanding the advanced relationship between budgetary choices and public sector employment is essential for policymakers, economists, and residents. Analyzing historic developments in funds allocations and corresponding workforce changes supplies worthwhile insights for future planning and coverage improvement. Recognizing the potential penalties of funds adjustments on service supply, workforce stability, and the general financial well being of the state permits for extra knowledgeable decision-making. Moreover, analyzing the influence of funds adjustments inside particular sectors, reminiscent of healthcare or training, gives a granular understanding of how fiscal coverage influences the supply of important public companies. This understanding is essential for guaranteeing the efficient and environment friendly functioning of Maine’s state authorities and its potential to serve the wants of its residents.
7. Traits over Time
Analyzing historic developments in Maine’s public sector employment supplies essential context for understanding present workforce dynamics and projecting future wants. These developments mirror evolving financial situations, altering authorities priorities, and demographic shifts inside the state. Analyzing long-term employment patterns reveals the influence of coverage choices, financial cycles, and societal adjustments on the dimensions and composition of Maine’s public sector workforce. For instance, the interval following the 2008 recession noticed a big decline in public sector employment throughout many states, together with Maine, reflecting budgetary constraints and financial downturn. Subsequent restoration intervals usually witness gradual will increase in public sector employment, mirroring financial restoration and renewed funding in public companies.
Particular examples of developments impacting Maine’s public sector employment embrace the rising demand for healthcare professionals, driving development in healthcare-related companies. Equally, shifts in academic priorities and scholar enrollment patterns affect staffing wants inside the Division of Schooling. Technological developments additionally play a job, probably resulting in elevated demand for specialised IT professionals inside state authorities, whereas concurrently automating sure duties and probably decreasing workforce wants in different areas. Moreover, an growing old inhabitants and evolving demographic developments influence the demand for public companies, influencing workforce necessities inside companies centered on social companies and healthcare.
Understanding these long-term developments is essential for efficient workforce planning, funds forecasting, and coverage improvement. Analyzing historic knowledge allows state companies to anticipate future workforce wants, optimize useful resource allocation, and adapt to evolving calls for for public companies. This historic perspective additionally supplies worthwhile context for evaluating the effectiveness of previous coverage choices and informing future methods for managing Maine’s public sector workforce. By recognizing the interaction between historic developments, financial situations, and demographic shifts, policymakers can develop knowledgeable methods for guaranteeing a secure, environment friendly, and responsive public sector workforce able to assembly the evolving wants of Maine’s residents.
8. Comparability with Different States
Evaluating Maine’s public sector employment figures with these of different states supplies worthwhile context for assessing workforce measurement, expenditure ranges, and repair supply approaches. This comparative evaluation reveals how Maine’s public sector workforce aligns with nationwide developments and the practices of peer states. Components reminiscent of inhabitants measurement, financial situations, and the scope of presidency companies affect public sector employment ranges, making interstate comparisons important for understanding Maine’s distinctive context. For instance, states with bigger populations typically require bigger public sector workforces to ship important companies. Moreover, states with sturdy economies may make investments extra closely in public companies, resulting in larger public sector employment ranges in comparison with states dealing with financial challenges. Variations within the scope of presidency companies provided additionally contribute to variations in public sector employment throughout states.
Analyzing per capita public sector employment gives a standardized metric for evaluating states with various inhabitants sizes. This metric reveals the variety of public sector staff per resident, offering a extra correct comparability of workforce measurement relative to the inhabitants served. Analyzing per capita figures alongside whole employment numbers supplies a complete understanding of Maine’s public sector workforce in relation to different states. Moreover, evaluating expenditure ranges on public sector salaries and advantages throughout states gives insights into compensation practices and useful resource allocation. This evaluation can reveal whether or not Maine’s public sector compensation aligns with nationwide averages or deviates considerably from peer states. Such comparisons can inform coverage choices relating to compensation and workforce administration.
Understanding Maine’s public sector employment inside a nationwide context is essential for knowledgeable policymaking and useful resource allocation. Comparative analyses reveal finest practices, establish areas for potential enchancment, and provide insights into the effectiveness of various workforce administration methods. By inspecting how Maine compares to different states when it comes to workforce measurement, expenditures, and repair supply approaches, policymakers can acquire worthwhile insights for optimizing Maine’s public sector workforce and guaranteeing its alignment with the state’s distinctive wants and financial realities. This comparative perspective contributes to a broader understanding of public sector employment developments and their implications for Maine’s future.
9. Financial Impression
The variety of state staff in Maine exerts a big affect on the state’s economic system. Public sector employment contributes to general financial exercise, influences labor market dynamics, and impacts the distribution of assets inside the state. Understanding this connection is essential for policymakers, economists, and residents looking for to grasp the broader implications of public sector workforce measurement and composition.
-
Direct Spending and Revenue Technology
State staff’ salaries and advantages inject cash straight into the economic system. This spending helps native companies, generates tax income, and contributes to general financial development. The magnitude of this influence is straight proportional to the dimensions of the general public sector workforce, with bigger workforces producing better direct financial exercise. This earnings technology impact ripples by way of the economic system, supporting varied sectors and contributing to general financial stability.
-
Demand for Items and Companies
The presence of a public sector workforce creates demand for varied items and companies, supporting native companies and industries. This demand ranges from housing and transportation to retail and hospitality companies. The focus of state staff in sure areas can have localized financial impacts, stimulating development in particular areas. As an illustration, the presence of a giant state college can considerably influence the encircling group’s economic system.
-
Labor Market Dynamics
The general public sector workforce influences labor market situations, impacting wages, employment charges, and the supply of expert employees. State authorities employment usually supplies aggressive salaries and advantages, influencing personal sector wage ranges and attracting expert employees to the state. Moreover, public sector employment can function a stabilizing power throughout financial downturns, mitigating the influence of personal sector job losses. The scale and composition of the general public sector workforce play a big position in shaping Maine’s general labor market dynamics.
-
Public Service Provision and Financial Productiveness
Public sector staff ship important companies, reminiscent of training, healthcare, and infrastructure upkeep, which contribute to the general productiveness and well-being of the state’s residents. These companies create a basis for financial development by guaranteeing a wholesome, educated, and productive workforce. Investments in public companies by way of public sector employment can result in long-term financial advantages by enhancing human capital and enhancing the state’s general financial competitiveness. As an illustration, a well-funded training system contributes to a talented workforce, attracting companies and driving financial development.
The financial influence of Maine’s public sector workforce extends past direct employment figures. The interaction between workforce measurement, service supply, and financial exercise creates a fancy net of interconnected impacts. Understanding these multifaceted connections is important for knowledgeable policymaking, useful resource allocation, and financial improvement methods geared toward fostering a vibrant and sustainable economic system in Maine. Analyzing the financial influence of public sector employment alongside different financial indicators, reminiscent of personal sector development and unemployment charges, gives a complete view of the state’s general financial well being and the position of public sector employment in shaping its future.
Ceaselessly Requested Questions
This part addresses widespread inquiries relating to public sector employment in Maine, offering concise and informative responses.
Query 1: How does Maine’s public sector employment examine to different states?
Comparisons require contemplating elements like inhabitants measurement and financial situations. Per capita figures provide standardized comparisons, revealing the variety of public staff per resident relative to different states. Analyzing whole employment alongside per capita figures supplies a complete interstate comparability.
Query 2: How do funds adjustments have an effect on state employment ranges?
Price range allocations straight affect workforce measurement. Funding will increase can result in expanded companies and elevated hiring. Conversely, funds cuts may necessitate workforce reductions by way of hiring freezes, layoffs, or attrition. Budgetary shifts additionally have an effect on useful resource allocation between companies and affect the steadiness of full-time versus part-time positions.
Query 3: What are the first drivers of seasonal employment fluctuations inside Maine’s public sector?
Tourism, agriculture, and winter highway upkeep considerably influence seasonal employment. Companies like Parks and Recreation expertise elevated staffing wants throughout summer time vacationer season. The Division of Transportation requires extra personnel for winter highway upkeep. Seasonal agricultural actions additionally drive fluctuations inside the Division of Agriculture, Conservation, and Forestry.
Query 4: What’s the position of contractual staff inside Maine’s state authorities?
Contractual staff present specialised expertise for particular tasks or fill momentary wants, providing workforce flexibility and cost-effective options for short-term calls for. They usually possess specialised experience not available inside the everlasting workforce. This versatile method permits companies to adapt to fluctuating workloads and entry specialised expertise with out increasing the everlasting workers.
Query 5: How does public sector employment contribute to Maine’s economic system?
State worker salaries and advantages inject cash into the economic system, supporting native companies and producing tax income. Public sector employment additionally influences labor market dynamics, impacting wages and ability availability. Important public companies delivered by state staff contribute to the general productiveness and well-being of residents, making a basis for financial development. These companies, reminiscent of training and healthcare, improve human capital and appeal to companies, driving long-term financial advantages.
Query 6: The place can one discover dependable knowledge on state employment figures?
Dependable knowledge sources embrace the Maine Division of Administrative and Monetary Companies, the Bureau of Human Assets, and the Maine State Legislature’s web site. These assets present detailed data on employment figures, funds allocations, and workforce developments. Consulting these official sources ensures entry to correct and up-to-date data.
Understanding these elements of public sector employment fosters a complete understanding of its position in Maine’s governance and economic system.
Additional analysis and exploration of particular companies or employment classes can present a extra nuanced perspective on the dynamics of Maine’s public sector workforce.
Ideas for Understanding Maine’s Public Sector Workforce Knowledge
Navigating public sector employment knowledge requires a nuanced method. The next suggestions present steerage for successfully decoding data associated to the variety of state staff in Maine.
Tip 1: Make the most of Respected Knowledge Sources: Depend on official authorities sources, such because the Maine Division of Administrative and Monetary Companies and the Bureau of Human Assets, for correct and dependable knowledge. Keep away from unofficial or unverified sources, which can current incomplete or deceptive data.
Tip 2: Contemplate Full-Time Equal (FTE) Figures: FTE calculations present standardized comparisons, accounting for variations in part-time employment. Deal with FTE knowledge alongside whole worker counts for a complete understanding of workforce measurement.
Tip 3: Account for Seasonal Fluctuations: Acknowledge that sure companies expertise seasonal differences in employment ranges. Account for these fluctuations when analyzing general developments to keep away from misinterpretations of momentary adjustments.
Tip 4: Differentiate Between Everlasting and Contractual Workers: Contractual staff symbolize a definite class inside the public sector workforce. Distinguishing between everlasting and contractual workers supplies a extra correct evaluation of workforce composition and long-term developments.
Tip 5: Analyze Company-Particular Knowledge: Look at employment figures for particular person companies to achieve insights into useful resource allocation and repair supply priorities. Company-specific knowledge reveals variations in workforce measurement and composition throughout totally different governmental capabilities.
Tip 6: Contextualize Knowledge with Budgetary Info: Price range allocations straight influence workforce measurement and composition. Contemplate funds choices and funding priorities alongside employment figures to grasp the connection between fiscal coverage and workforce dynamics.
Tip 7: Evaluate Maine with Different States: Interstate comparisons provide worthwhile context. Look at per capita employment figures and expenditure ranges to grasp how Maine’s public sector workforce aligns with nationwide developments and peer state practices.
Tip 8: Contemplate Lengthy-Time period Traits: Analyze historic employment knowledge to establish long-term developments and perceive the influence of coverage choices, financial cycles, and demographic adjustments on workforce dynamics. Historic context enhances interpretations of present knowledge and facilitates extra correct projections of future wants.
By making use of the following pointers, one can acquire a extra nuanced and knowledgeable understanding of public sector employment knowledge in Maine. This knowledgeable method allows more practical evaluation, coverage analysis, and strategic planning associated to the state’s workforce.
The next conclusion synthesizes the important thing takeaways relating to Maine’s public sector workforce and its significance inside the state’s financial and governmental panorama.
Conclusion
Evaluation of Maine’s public sector employment requires a multifaceted method, encompassing whole workforce measurement, agency-specific figures, full-time versus part-time distinctions, seasonal differences, contractual preparations, funds impacts, historic developments, interstate comparisons, and financial implications. Every side contributes to a complete understanding of the state’s public workforce dynamics. Budgetary choices straight affect staffing ranges, whereas seasonal fluctuations necessitate versatile workforce administration methods. The combination of contractual staff supplies specialised experience and adaptableness. Interstate comparisons contextualize Maine’s workforce inside nationwide developments. In the end, public sector employment considerably impacts Maine’s economic system by way of direct spending, service provision, and labor market influences.
A radical grasp of those interconnected elements is essential for knowledgeable policymaking, useful resource allocation, and financial improvement methods. Continued evaluation of workforce developments, coupled with responsive coverage changes, is important for optimizing Maine’s public sector, guaranteeing its effectiveness, effectivity, and responsiveness to the evolving wants of the state and its residents. Additional analysis and exploration inside particular sectors can deepen understanding and contribute to knowledgeable decision-making relating to the way forward for Maine’s public workforce.
